PurchasingPolicy.orgPURCHASINGPOLICYBETA

A PurchasingPolicy.org study · sixteen states and Washington, 2023–2026

Who paid for the data centers, and what did they get?

The data center boom was decided in state capitals and utility commission dockets: who builds the power plants, who pays for the wires, whether the sales tax applies. This page walks the record in order. The companies that paid, the politicians they paid, the measures those politicians voted on or signed, and what each decision did. Every figure is recomputed from the loaded filings; every name links to the evidence.

$153.2M
corporate and PAC direct giving in 16 states' filings, 18,164 contributions
1,568
officeholders and candidates who took it
100
bills, orders and elections tracked, 64 of them enacted
3,853
recorded votes by 1,232 legislators on those measures
1

Who pays

The payer of record is usually the utility that will sell the power, not the company whose name is on the building. Direct giving from each company's treasury and employee PAC, as filed in the sixteen states, grouped by company.

62 payers · 125 filer rows
#1

Dominion Energy

Utility
$33.8M
1,000 contributions · 1 state
VA $33.8M
#4

Meta

Hyperscaler
$16.1M
262 contributions · 6 states
CA $13.5MTX $1.37MIL $753KGA $283KLA $130KVA $34K
#5

Edison International

Utility
$12.4M
567 contributions · 1 state
CA $12.4M
#8

Ameren

Utility
$2.17M
817 contributions · 1 state
IL $2.17M
#9

Southern Company / Georgia Power

Utility
$2.06M
581 contributions · 1 state
GA $2.06M
#10

Entergy

Utility
$1.62M
1,758 contributions · 1 state
LA $1.62M
#11

Energy Transfer

Utility
$1.49M
119 contributions · 1 state
TX $1.49M
#12

CenterPoint Energy

Utility
$1.48M
444 contributions · 2 states
TX $1.28MIN $199K
All 62 payers
PayerClassDirect givingContributionsStates
Dominion EnergyUtility$33,755,5581,000VA
PG&EUtility$30,405,660667CA
GoogleHyperscaler$16,547,019797CA, GA, IL, MI, OR, PA, TN, TX, VA
MetaHyperscaler$16,095,086262CA, GA, IL, LA, TX, VA
Edison InternationalUtility$12,351,720567CA
SempraUtility$10,101,786903CA
AmazonHyperscaler$7,593,8491,866CA, GA, IL, OR, TN, TX, VA
AmerenUtility$2,167,667817IL
Southern Company / Georgia PowerUtility$2,059,053581GA
EntergyUtility$1,622,1141,758LA
Energy TransferUtility$1,491,912119TX
CenterPoint EnergyUtility$1,475,816444IN, TX
OncorUtility$1,274,900397TX
VistraUtility$1,247,600460IL, TX
APS / Pinnacle WestUtility$1,104,297491AZ
DTE EnergyUtility$1,084,100712MI
Duke EnergyUtility$1,057,500419IN, NC
Exelon (ComEd, PECO)Utility$836,942673IL, PA
ClecoUtility$796,062599LA
CMS / Consumers EnergyUtility$792,480684MI
NRG EnergyUtility$790,622368IL, TX
Portland General ElectricUtility$583,250241OR
AEPUtility$561,824313IN, MI, OH, TX
Cozen O'ConnorTrade group, contractor or investor$555,943328PA
Constellation EnergyUtility$552,305176IL, PA
Black Mountain PowerUtility$520,0003TX
Bernhard Capital PartnersTrade group, contractor or investor$464,50032LA
Troutman Pepper LockeTrade group, contractor or investor$441,004241GA
CloudHQData center operator$435,50055VA
PacifiCorpUtility$435,50071OR
Data Center CoalitionData center operator$405,000105VA
Salt River ProjectUtility$305,750240AZ
NiSource / NIPSCOUtility$290,500182IN
El Paso ElectricUtility$289,01544TX
WEC Energy GroupUtility$277,925160WI
STACK InfrastructureData center operator$250,0001VA
Alliant EnergyUtility$243,500169WI
SwitchData center operator$231,50011GA
MicrosoftHyperscaler$218,15087CA, IL, OR, PA
ITC HoldingsUtility$207,450260MI
PPLUtility$201,550156PA
Vantage Data CentersData center operator$192,250128VA
MidAmerican EnergyUtility$147,77179IL
Gas SouthUtility$137,750145GA
Georgia Utility Contractors AssociationTrade group, contractor or investor$132,68011GA
OracleHyperscaler$110,80022AZ, CA, IL
Xcel EnergyUtility$94,275137MN
Crow HoldingsData center operator$60,0002TX
Great River EnergyUtility$47,95071MN
ALLETE (Minnesota Power)Utility$37,35043MN
Skybox DatacentersData center operator$31,0003TX
Umatilla Electric CooperativeUtility$24,0528OR
3E, LLCTrade group, contractor or investor$16,8002GA
Regulators Roundtable PACTrade group, contractor or investor$16,8002GA
Otter Tail PowerUtility$10,75032MN
Burns & McDonnellTrade group, contractor or investor$10,0004LA
KiewitTrade group, contractor or investor$6,9128LA
Lifeline Data CentersData center operator$5,0001IN
Digital RealtyData center operator$9852IL
QTS Data CentersData center operator$7322IL
TeslaHyperscaler$2402TN
WalbridgeTrade group, contractor or investor$501MI
2

Who took it

The officeholders and candidates who received the most from the payer set, with what each one did on the data center measures: the votes they cast, the bills they authored, the orders they signed or commented on. A yea is a vote for the measure as titled, which may be for or against the industry's ask; the measure's status says what happened to it.

1,568 people took payer money; the 80 largest recipients are shown
#1 · Virginia

Don Scott

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$1.77M
31 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $1.72MAmazon $24KCloudHQ $23KMeta $7,500
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#2 · Virginia

Jason Miyares(R)

Attorney General
$1.46M
14 gifts, 3 payers
Dominion Energy $1.45MAmazon $10KCloudHQ $5,000
2 actions on measures
  • commented onSCC final order granting the certificate for Dominion's 944 MW Chesterfield Energy Reliability Center gas p…Under appeal
  • commented onSCC final order in Dominion's 2025 biennial review: $565.7M rate increase and the GS-5 large-load (data cen…Under appeal
#3 · Virginia

Mamie E. Locke

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$1.37M
26 gifts, 5 payers
Dominion Energy $1.35MAmazon $11KData Center Coalition $5,000CloudHQ $3,500Vantage Data Centers $2,000
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#4 · Georgia

Brian Kemp(R)

Governor
$1.33M
18 gifts, 7 payers
Southern Company / Georgia Power $1.15MGeorgia Utility Contractors Association $100KAmazon $30KTroutman Pepper Locke $28KSwitch $15K
1 action on a measure
  • shapedHB 1192: two-year pause on new data center sales-tax exemption certificates (vetoed)Vetoed
#5 · Texas

Greg Abbott

Governor of Texas
$1.09M
18 gifts, 8 payers
Black Mountain Power $500KOncor $300KVistra $150KNRG Energy $75KSkybox Datacenters $25K
4 actions on measures
  • issuedGov. Abbott directive: TCEQ to halt data center permits pending the ERCOT and TWDB auditsEnacted
  • issuedGov. Abbott directive: PUCT/ERCOT verification and audit of all data centers in the interconnection queueEnacted
  • enabledSB 6: Large-load interconnection, curtailment and co-location rules for ERCOTEnacted
  • enabledSB 1015: Periodic (semiannual) rate adjustments by electric utilitiesEnacted
#6 · Virginia

Charniele L. Herring

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$1.02M
31 gifts, 5 payers
Dominion Energy $971KData Center Coalition $20KAmazon $13KCloudHQ $10KVantage Data Centers $4,500
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#7 · Virginia

Scott A. Surovell

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$999K
27 gifts, 6 payers
Dominion Energy $940KAmazon $24KData Center Coalition $20KCloudHQ $10KMeta $2,500
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#8 · Virginia

L. Louise Lucas

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$901K
28 gifts, 6 payers
Dominion Energy $864KData Center Coalition $15KAmazon $14KCloudHQ $3,500Meta $2,500
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#9 · Virginia

Shannon Taylor (Virginia candidate)

Virginia candidate for Attorney General (Democrat)
$800K
10 gifts, 1 payers
Dominion Energy $800K

No recorded vote or action on a tracked measure.

#10 · Virginia

C. Todd Gilbert

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$755K
14 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $730KAmazon $15KCloudHQ $5,000Data Center Coalition $5,000
4 measures voted on
  • NayNayNayNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • NayHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#11 · Virginia

Terry G. Kilgore

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$722K
18 gifts, 5 payers
Dominion Energy $695KAmazon $15KData Center Coalition $5,000Meta $5,000Vantage Data Centers $2,000
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayNayNayYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • NayHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#12 · Virginia

Luke E. Torian

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$688K
25 gifts, 6 payers
Dominion Energy $652KData Center Coalition $15KCloudHQ $10KAmazon $8,000Meta $2,500
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#13 · Virginia

Ryan T. McDougle

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$682K
21 gifts, 6 payers
Dominion Energy $645KAmazon $17KCloudHQ $10KData Center Coalition $5,000Meta $2,500
11 measures voted on
  • YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • NayNayYeaNayYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#14 · Virginia

Mark J. Peake

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$501K
24 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $491KAmazon $6,500Meta $2,500Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaYeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#15 · Virginia

Candi Mundon King

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$472K
20 gifts, 5 payers
Dominion Energy $460KAmazon $5,000Data Center Coalition $5,000CloudHQ $1,000Vantage Data Centers $1,000
4 measures voted on
  • YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#16 · Virginia

William M. Stanley, Jr.

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$435K
17 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $426KData Center Coalition $5,000Amazon $3,500Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayYeaNayHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaYeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • Not votingYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#17 · Virginia

Bill DeSteph

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$429K
20 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $415KAmazon $8,500Data Center Coalition $4,000Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • YeaYeaNayNayNaySB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayYeaNayYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaNayYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • Not votingYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#18 · Virginia

Levar Stoney(D)

Lt Governor
$428K
7 gifts, 1 payers
Dominion Energy $428K

No recorded vote or action on a tracked measure.

#19 · Virginia

Jeion A. Ward

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$406K
22 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $391KData Center Coalition $7,500Amazon $5,000Vantage Data Centers $2,000
5 measures voted on
  • Not votingHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#20 · Virginia

Angelia Williams Graves

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$393K
24 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $386KAmazon $5,000Data Center Coalition $1,000Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#21 · Virginia

David W. Marsden

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$323K
16 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $310KAmazon $9,000Data Center Coalition $2,500Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNot votingYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#22 · Virginia

Aaron R. Rouse

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)
$311K
11 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $300KAmazon $6,000Data Center Coalition $4,000Vantage Data Centers $1,000
11 measures voted on
  • NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
  • YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
  • YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
#23 · Virginia

Michael J. Webert

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$311K
14 gifts, 3 payers
Dominion Energy $300KAmazon $9,000Vantage Data Centers $1,500
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaNayNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
#24 · Virginia

C.E. Cliff Hayes, Jr.

Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)
$305K
11 gifts, 4 payers
Dominion Energy $295KAmazon $6,000Vantage Data Centers $2,000Data Center Coalition $1,500
5 measures voted on
  • YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
  • YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
  • YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
  • YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
The next 56 recipients
#NameStateOfficeFrom the payer setLargest payerVotes / actions
25Chris S. RunionVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$304,000Dominion Energy $295K11 / 0
26Don Harmon (Illinois)ILState Senator, District 39$303,850Ameren $105K1 / 0
27Barry D. KnightVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$296,083Dominion Energy $288K11 / 0
28Winsome Earle-SearsVAGovernor$285,272Dominion Energy $260K0 / 0
29Hala Ayala (Virginia candidate)VAVirginia candidate for Senate (Democrat)$285,000Dominion Energy $285K0 / 0
30Emanuel "Chris" WelchILState Representative, District 7$282,600Ameren $109K1 / 0
31J.D. "Danny" DiggsVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$279,000Dominion Energy $275K31 / 0
32George Barker (Virginia candidate)VAVirginia candidate for Senate (Democrat)$275,000Dominion Energy $275K0 / 0
33Mark D. ObenshainVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$273,851Dominion Energy $251K31 / 0
34Bryce E. ReevesVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$269,000Dominion Energy $260K31 / 0
35Terry L. AustinVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$252,500Dominion Energy $240K11 / 0
36Richard H. StuartVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$250,000Dominion Energy $250K31 / 0
37Glen H. Sturtevant, Jr.VAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$245,000Dominion Energy $240K31 / 0
38Scott A. WyattVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$232,750Dominion Energy $225K11 / 0
39Tara A. DurantVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$232,000Dominion Energy $225K31 / 0
40Lionell Sr SpruillVASenate$225,000Dominion Energy $225K0 / 0
41Robert D. Orrock, Sr.VAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$220,500Dominion Energy $215K10 / 0
42Lamont BagbyVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$217,500Dominion Energy $205K31 / 0
43Jason S. BallardVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$217,000Dominion Energy $210K11 / 0
44Monty MasonVASenate$212,670Dominion Energy $210K0 / 0
45Siobhan DunnavantVASenate$211,238Dominion Energy $210K0 / 0
46Todd E. PillionVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$210,000Dominion Energy $195K31 / 0
47Tony O. WiltVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$204,000Dominion Energy $193K11 / 0
48James A. "Jay" LeftwichVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$197,500Dominion Energy $193K11 / 0
49John Curran (Illinois)ILState Senator, District 41$192,282Ameren $70K1 / 0
50Tony McCombieILState Representative, District 89$187,470Ameren $70K1 / 0
51Robert RivasCASpeaker of the California Assembly, AD-29$182,200Edison International $43K15 / 0
52Frank Ruff (Virginia candidate)VAVirginia candidate for Senate (Republican)$181,000Dominion Energy $180K0 / 0
53Christie New CraigVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$176,000Dominion Energy $173K31 / 0
54Cottie Petrie-NorrisCACalifornia Assembly, AD-72$173,200Edison International $47K15 / 0
55Destiny LeVere BollingVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$170,099Dominion Energy $166K11 / 0
56Daniel W. Marshall, IIIVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$167,500Dominion Energy $165K10 / 0
57Wren M. WilliamsVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$157,750Dominion Energy $155K11 / 0
58Israel D. O'QuinnVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$157,204Dominion Energy $140K11 / 0
59Emily M. JordanVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$157,000Dominion Energy $150K31 / 0
60Gavin NewsomCAGovernor of California$155,000Amazon $100K0 / 9
61Geary HigginsVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$151,000Dominion Energy $143K10 / 0
62W. Chad GreenVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$147,000Dominion Energy $146K10 / 0
63Josh ShapiroPAGovernor of Pennsylvania (2023-)$146,000Cozen O'Connor $76K0 / 1
64Joe MorrisseyVASenate$145,000Dominion Energy $145K0 / 0
65David A. ReidVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$144,000Dominion Energy $125K11 / 0
66Mark L. Earley, Jr.VAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$143,500Dominion Energy $143K10 / 0
67Tina KotekORGovernor of Oregon (Democrat), 2023-$132,500Amazon $40K0 / 4
68Dade PhelanTX$122,333Oncor $50K0 / 0
69Rick Chavez ZburCACalifornia Assembly, AD-51$121,400Edison International $33K15 / 1
70Susan HippenVADelegate$120,000Dominion Energy $120K0 / 0
71Jennifer B. BoyskoVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$118,658Dominion Energy $112K31 / 0
72Kim A. TaylorVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$117,500Dominion Energy $115K10 / 0
73Heath FloraCACalifornia Assembly Republican Leader Sept 16, 2025 to Aug 3, 2026, AD-9$114,800PG&E $30K15 / 0
74Christopher T. HeadVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$114,500Dominion Energy $105K31 / 0
75Delores L. McQuinnVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$109,509Dominion Energy $104K11 / 0
76T. Travis HackworthVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$109,500Dominion Energy $100K31 / 0
77Chris ObenshainVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$106,000Dominion Energy $105K10 / 0
78Amanda E. BattenVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$104,500Dominion Energy $93K10 / 0
79Timmy FrenchVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate)$103,500Dominion Energy $100K31 / 0
80Kelly K. Convirs-FowlerVAMember of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates)$100,000Dominion Energy $100K11 / 0
3

What they decided

Every bill, regulator's order, executive action and election the study tracks, with its result, its recorded vote and the people and companies on the record for it. Each links to the official document.

100 measures · 3,853 votes
Federal12 measures
California16 measures
Virginia14 measures
Texas7 measures
Illinois6 measures
Georgia5 measures
Louisiana4 measures
Michigan9 measures
Oregon8 measures
Pennsylvania2 measures
Arizona2 measures
Indiana1 measure
Tennessee3 measures
North Carolina3 measures
Ohio1 measure
Minnesota7 measures
4

State by state

Each state's filing system, read whole: the payers, the people they paid most, and what the state decided. The narrative for each is in the findings.

Findings, state by state →

California

$84.8M
3,536 contributions, January 2023 to October 2026 · 16 people paid
Largest payers
  • PG&E$30.4M
  • Google$14.4M
  • Meta$13.5M
Largest recipients
16 measures13 enacted2 vetoed or failed204 votes

Virginia

$37.0M
1,687 contributions, January 2023 to October 2026 · 180 people paid
Largest payers
  • Dominion Energy$33.8M
  • Amazon$1.31M
  • Google$610K
Largest recipients
14 measures7 enacted3 vetoed or failed2,340 votes

Texas

$7.54M
1,316 contributions, January 2023 to September 2026 · 223 people paid
Largest payers
  • Energy Transfer$1.49M
  • Meta$1.37M
  • CenterPoint Energy$1.28M
Largest recipients
7 measures7 enacted

Illinois

$5.63M
1,876 contributions, January 2023 to October 2026 · 11 people paid
Largest payers
  • Ameren$2.17M
  • Meta$753K
  • Amazon$674K
Largest recipients
6 measures4 enacted11 votes

Georgia

$4.37M
1,073 contributions, January 2023 to July 2026 · 8 people paid
Largest payers
  • Southern Company / Georgia Power$2.06M
  • Google$795K
  • Troutman Pepper Locke$441K
Largest recipients
5 measures3 enacted2 vetoed or failed234 votes

Louisiana

$3.03M
2,410 contributions, January 2015 to September 2026 · 362 people paid
Largest payers
  • Entergy$1.62M
  • Cleco$796K
  • Bernhard Capital Partners$465K
Largest recipients
4 measures3 enacted

Michigan

$2.14M
1,689 contributions, January 2023 to August 2026 · 152 people paid
Largest payers
  • DTE Energy$1.08M
  • CMS / Consumers Energy$792K
  • ITC Holdings$207K
Largest recipients
9 measures6 enacted1 vetoed or failed22 votes

Oregon

$2.12M
627 contributions, January 2023 to October 2026 · 10 people paid
Largest payers
  • Amazon$825K
  • Portland General Electric$583K
  • PacifiCorp$436K
Largest recipients
8 measures3 enacted1 vetoed or failed26 votes

Pennsylvania

$1.63M
1,160 contributions, January 2023 to September 2026 · 7 people paid
Largest payers
  • Exelon (ComEd, PECO)$827K
  • Cozen O'Connor$556K
  • PPL$202K
Largest recipients
2 measures2 enacted

Arizona

$1.41M
732 contributions, January 2023 to September 2026 · 102 people paid
Largest payers
  • APS / Pinnacle West$1.10M
  • Salt River Project$306K
  • Oracle$300
Largest recipients
2 measures1 enacted1 vetoed or failed90 votes

Indiana

$1.38M
883 contributions, January 2023 to June 2026 · 152 people paid
Largest payers
  • Duke Energy$691K
  • NiSource / NIPSCO$291K
  • CenterPoint Energy$199K
Largest recipients
1 measures1 enacted350 votes

Tennessee

$803K
352 contributions, June 2023 to October 2026 · 112 people paid
Largest payers
  • Amazon$774K
  • Google$30K
  • Tesla$240
Largest recipients
3 measures2 enacted1 vetoed or failed

Wisconsin

$521K
329 contributions, January 2023 to August 2026 · 106 people paid
Largest payers
  • WEC Energy Group$278K
  • Alliant Energy$244K
Largest recipients
0 measures0 enacted

North Carolina

$366K
113 contributions, January 2023 to February 2026 · 72 people paid
Largest payers
  • Duke Energy$366K
Largest recipients
3 measures2 enacted

Ohio

$318K
98 contributions, January 2023 to July 2026 · 46 people paid
Largest payers
  • AEP$318K
Largest recipients
1 measures1 enacted

Minnesota

$190K
283 contributions, January 2023 to September 2026 · 9 people paid
Largest payers
  • Xcel Energy$94K
  • Great River Energy$48K
  • ALLETE (Minnesota Power)$37K
Largest recipients
7 measures4 enacted2 vetoed or failed44 votes
5

The pattern

The state fights are one policy, formulated nationally and executed locally. The study's findings, in brief.

The full argument →

One ask list, one wording

Keep the sales-tax exemption; certify gas generation on data center demand; keep cost allocation inside the utility commission and out of statute; preserve by-right or fast-track siting; no moratorium. The same items appear in Virginia, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Tennessee and Arizona, often in the same phrases.

One set of carriers

The Data Center Coalition lobbied in at least eight states, urged Georgia’s veto and rewrote Indiana’s local-payment clause in private meetings. ALEC’s model accord (Aug 2026) opposes bans and endorses “cost responsibility”. The White House enrolled 23 Republican governors and 187 utilities in the industry’s own voluntary pledge.

Local execution by whoever held the gavel

A House subcommittee in Richmond; a five-member commission in Atlanta; a four-to-one commission in Plaquemine; a lame-duck county board in Prince William. The bodies with the least public attention carried the most consequential votes, and the money reached the people who ran them.

What reversed it was voters

Georgia’s PSC incumbents removed at the ballot (Nov 2025); Prince William’s board chair defeated over the Digital Gateway and the rezoning voided in court; Port Washington’s first-in-the-nation referendum (Apr 2026); North Carolina’s three override Democrats defeated in primaries (Mar 2026); Tucson’s 7-0 rejection. Where a legislature then acted, voters had moved first.

How to read this page

The money is corporate-treasury and employee-PAC giving reported in the sixteen states’ own filing systems (and VPAP for Virginia), 2023 to the latest filing, with Louisiana’s file from 2015. Transfers between a politician’s own committees, conduit memo lines and gifts from the opposing side (Clean Virginia, local opposition committees) are left out. Executives’ personal cheques, super PAC spending, 527 transfers and lobbying are different kinds of money; the report keeps them apart, and nothing on this page adds across kinds. The federal lobbying figure, $336.5M of client spend on 458 filings that mention data centers, is an upper bound: a filing’s amount covers every issue on it.

The votes are the legislatures’ own roll calls, loaded for the members the study follows (the whole chamber where the state publishes it). A yea is a vote for the measure as titled. The measures are the bills, commission orders, executive actions and elections the study identified; each links to its official record.

Every payer total was reconciled against the payer’s own reports where the state publishes them, and every figure in the report was re-derived from these rows on 2026-10-22; the checks are in the report’s verification log. Figures on this page were last recomputed on October 22, 2026. Correlation is not proof of causation; the record shows what was paid and what was decided.