A PurchasingPolicy.org study · sixteen states and Washington, 2023–2026
Who paid for the data centers, and what did they get?
The data center boom was decided in state capitals and utility commission dockets: who builds the power plants, who pays for the wires, whether the sales tax applies. This page walks the record in order. The companies that paid, the politicians they paid, the measures those politicians voted on or signed, and what each decision did. Every figure is recomputed from the loaded filings; every name links to the evidence.
Who pays
The payer of record is usually the utility that will sell the power, not the company whose name is on the building. Direct giving from each company's treasury and employee PAC, as filed in the sixteen states, grouped by company.
PG&E
Meta
Edison International
Sempra
Amazon
Ameren
2 filer rows →
Southern Company / Georgia Power
Entergy
Energy Transfer
2 filer rows →
CenterPoint Energy
All 62 payers
| Payer | Class | Direct giving | Contributions | States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominion Energy | Utility | $33,755,558 | 1,000 | VA |
| PG&E | Utility | $30,405,660 | 667 | CA |
| Hyperscaler | $16,547,019 | 797 | CA, GA, IL, MI, OR, PA, TN, TX, VA | |
| Meta | Hyperscaler | $16,095,086 | 262 | CA, GA, IL, LA, TX, VA |
| Edison International | Utility | $12,351,720 | 567 | CA |
| Sempra | Utility | $10,101,786 | 903 | CA |
| Amazon | Hyperscaler | $7,593,849 | 1,866 | CA, GA, IL, OR, TN, TX, VA |
| Ameren | Utility | $2,167,667 | 817 | IL |
| Southern Company / Georgia Power | Utility | $2,059,053 | 581 | GA |
| Entergy | Utility | $1,622,114 | 1,758 | LA |
| Energy Transfer | Utility | $1,491,912 | 119 | TX |
| CenterPoint Energy | Utility | $1,475,816 | 444 | IN, TX |
| Oncor | Utility | $1,274,900 | 397 | TX |
| Vistra | Utility | $1,247,600 | 460 | IL, TX |
| APS / Pinnacle West | Utility | $1,104,297 | 491 | AZ |
| DTE Energy | Utility | $1,084,100 | 712 | MI |
| Duke Energy | Utility | $1,057,500 | 419 | IN, NC |
| Exelon (ComEd, PECO) | Utility | $836,942 | 673 | IL, PA |
| Cleco | Utility | $796,062 | 599 | LA |
| CMS / Consumers Energy | Utility | $792,480 | 684 | MI |
| NRG Energy | Utility | $790,622 | 368 | IL, TX |
| Portland General Electric | Utility | $583,250 | 241 | OR |
| AEP | Utility | $561,824 | 313 | IN, MI, OH, TX |
| Cozen O'Connor | Trade group, contractor or investor | $555,943 | 328 | PA |
| Constellation Energy | Utility | $552,305 | 176 | IL, PA |
| Black Mountain Power | Utility | $520,000 | 3 | TX |
| Bernhard Capital Partners | Trade group, contractor or investor | $464,500 | 32 | LA |
| Troutman Pepper Locke | Trade group, contractor or investor | $441,004 | 241 | GA |
| CloudHQ | Data center operator | $435,500 | 55 | VA |
| PacifiCorp | Utility | $435,500 | 71 | OR |
| Data Center Coalition | Data center operator | $405,000 | 105 | VA |
| Salt River Project | Utility | $305,750 | 240 | AZ |
| NiSource / NIPSCO | Utility | $290,500 | 182 | IN |
| El Paso Electric | Utility | $289,015 | 44 | TX |
| WEC Energy Group | Utility | $277,925 | 160 | WI |
| STACK Infrastructure | Data center operator | $250,000 | 1 | VA |
| Alliant Energy | Utility | $243,500 | 169 | WI |
| Switch | Data center operator | $231,500 | 11 | GA |
| Microsoft | Hyperscaler | $218,150 | 87 | CA, IL, OR, PA |
| ITC Holdings | Utility | $207,450 | 260 | MI |
| PPL | Utility | $201,550 | 156 | PA |
| Vantage Data Centers | Data center operator | $192,250 | 128 | VA |
| MidAmerican Energy | Utility | $147,771 | 79 | IL |
| Gas South | Utility | $137,750 | 145 | GA |
| Georgia Utility Contractors Association | Trade group, contractor or investor | $132,680 | 11 | GA |
| Oracle | Hyperscaler | $110,800 | 22 | AZ, CA, IL |
| Xcel Energy | Utility | $94,275 | 137 | MN |
| Crow Holdings | Data center operator | $60,000 | 2 | TX |
| Great River Energy | Utility | $47,950 | 71 | MN |
| ALLETE (Minnesota Power) | Utility | $37,350 | 43 | MN |
| Skybox Datacenters | Data center operator | $31,000 | 3 | TX |
| Umatilla Electric Cooperative | Utility | $24,052 | 8 | OR |
| 3E, LLC | Trade group, contractor or investor | $16,800 | 2 | GA |
| Regulators Roundtable PAC | Trade group, contractor or investor | $16,800 | 2 | GA |
| Otter Tail Power | Utility | $10,750 | 32 | MN |
| Burns & McDonnell | Trade group, contractor or investor | $10,000 | 4 | LA |
| Kiewit | Trade group, contractor or investor | $6,912 | 8 | LA |
| Lifeline Data Centers | Data center operator | $5,000 | 1 | IN |
| Digital Realty | Data center operator | $985 | 2 | IL |
| QTS Data Centers | Data center operator | $732 | 2 | IL |
| Tesla | Hyperscaler | $240 | 2 | TN |
| Walbridge | Trade group, contractor or investor | $50 | 1 | MI |
Who took it
The officeholders and candidates who received the most from the payer set, with what each one did on the data center measures: the votes they cast, the bills they authored, the orders they signed or commented on. A yea is a vote for the measure as titled, which may be for or against the industry's ask; the measure's status says what happened to it.
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
2 actions on measures
- commented onSCC final order granting the certificate for Dominion's 944 MW Chesterfield Energy Reliability Center gas p…Under appeal
- commented onSCC final order in Dominion's 2025 biennial review: $565.7M rate increase and the GS-5 large-load (data cen…Under appeal
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
1 action on a measure
- shapedHB 1192: two-year pause on new data center sales-tax exemption certificates (vetoed)Vetoed
4 actions on measures
- issuedGov. Abbott directive: TCEQ to halt data center permits pending the ERCOT and TWDB auditsEnacted
- issuedGov. Abbott directive: PUCT/ERCOT verification and audit of all data centers in the interconnection queueEnacted
- enabledSB 6: Large-load interconnection, curtailment and co-location rules for ERCOTEnacted
- enabledSB 1015: Periodic (semiannual) rate adjustments by electric utilitiesEnacted
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaYeaYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
No recorded vote or action on a tracked measure.
4 measures voted on
- NayNayNayNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- NayHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayNayNayYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- NayHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
11 measures voted on
- YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- NayNayYeaNayYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- NayYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
11 measures voted on
- YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaYeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
4 measures voted on
- YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
11 measures voted on
- YeaYeaNayNayYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayYeaNayHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaYeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- Not votingYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
11 measures voted on
- YeaYeaNayNayNaySB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayYeaNayYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- NayNayNaySB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayNaySB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayNayHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- NayHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaNayYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- Not votingYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- NayNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
No recorded vote or action on a tracked measure.
5 measures voted on
- Not votingHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaNayYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- NayNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNot votingYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaNot votingHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
11 measures voted on
- NayYeaNayYeaYeaSB253: Electric utilities; pilot programs for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaYeaYeaYeaHB1393: Electric utilities; pilot program for energy assistance and weatherization for certain individuals.…Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB553: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaSB94: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB496: Certain data from water users; water use consumption for domestic, etc., purposes, data centers.Enacted
- YeaYeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaHB507: Data centers; permit requirements, emission limits for certain engine-generator sets.Enacted
- YeaSB336: Tier 2 emergency generators; SCC shall evaluate impact of requiring data centers to limit use, etc.Introduced
- YeaNayYeaYeaNaySB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaYeaHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaNaySB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaNayNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
5 measures voted on
- YeaHB153: Data centers; site assessment, sound profile of the high energy use facility.Enacted
- YeaNayYeaYeaNayHB1601: Siting of data centers; site assessment; high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB1449: Data centers; site assessment for high energy use facility.Failed
- YeaYeaSB960: Electric utilities; data center cost allocation.Failed
- YeaHB338: Siting of data centers; locality may perform site assessment before approval.Introduced
The next 56 recipients
| # | Name | State | Office | From the payer set | Largest payer | Votes / actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | Chris S. Runion | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $304,000 | Dominion Energy $295K | 11 / 0 |
| 26 | Don Harmon (Illinois) | IL | State Senator, District 39 | $303,850 | Ameren $105K | 1 / 0 |
| 27 | Barry D. Knight | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $296,083 | Dominion Energy $288K | 11 / 0 |
| 28 | Winsome Earle-Sears | VA | Governor | $285,272 | Dominion Energy $260K | 0 / 0 |
| 29 | Hala Ayala (Virginia candidate) | VA | Virginia candidate for Senate (Democrat) | $285,000 | Dominion Energy $285K | 0 / 0 |
| 30 | Emanuel "Chris" Welch | IL | State Representative, District 7 | $282,600 | Ameren $109K | 1 / 0 |
| 31 | J.D. "Danny" Diggs | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $279,000 | Dominion Energy $275K | 31 / 0 |
| 32 | George Barker (Virginia candidate) | VA | Virginia candidate for Senate (Democrat) | $275,000 | Dominion Energy $275K | 0 / 0 |
| 33 | Mark D. Obenshain | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $273,851 | Dominion Energy $251K | 31 / 0 |
| 34 | Bryce E. Reeves | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $269,000 | Dominion Energy $260K | 31 / 0 |
| 35 | Terry L. Austin | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $252,500 | Dominion Energy $240K | 11 / 0 |
| 36 | Richard H. Stuart | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $250,000 | Dominion Energy $250K | 31 / 0 |
| 37 | Glen H. Sturtevant, Jr. | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $245,000 | Dominion Energy $240K | 31 / 0 |
| 38 | Scott A. Wyatt | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $232,750 | Dominion Energy $225K | 11 / 0 |
| 39 | Tara A. Durant | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $232,000 | Dominion Energy $225K | 31 / 0 |
| 40 | Lionell Sr Spruill | VA | Senate | $225,000 | Dominion Energy $225K | 0 / 0 |
| 41 | Robert D. Orrock, Sr. | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $220,500 | Dominion Energy $215K | 10 / 0 |
| 42 | Lamont Bagby | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $217,500 | Dominion Energy $205K | 31 / 0 |
| 43 | Jason S. Ballard | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $217,000 | Dominion Energy $210K | 11 / 0 |
| 44 | Monty Mason | VA | Senate | $212,670 | Dominion Energy $210K | 0 / 0 |
| 45 | Siobhan Dunnavant | VA | Senate | $211,238 | Dominion Energy $210K | 0 / 0 |
| 46 | Todd E. Pillion | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $210,000 | Dominion Energy $195K | 31 / 0 |
| 47 | Tony O. Wilt | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $204,000 | Dominion Energy $193K | 11 / 0 |
| 48 | James A. "Jay" Leftwich | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $197,500 | Dominion Energy $193K | 11 / 0 |
| 49 | John Curran (Illinois) | IL | State Senator, District 41 | $192,282 | Ameren $70K | 1 / 0 |
| 50 | Tony McCombie | IL | State Representative, District 89 | $187,470 | Ameren $70K | 1 / 0 |
| 51 | Robert Rivas | CA | Speaker of the California Assembly, AD-29 | $182,200 | Edison International $43K | 15 / 0 |
| 52 | Frank Ruff (Virginia candidate) | VA | Virginia candidate for Senate (Republican) | $181,000 | Dominion Energy $180K | 0 / 0 |
| 53 | Christie New Craig | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $176,000 | Dominion Energy $173K | 31 / 0 |
| 54 | Cottie Petrie-Norris | CA | California Assembly, AD-72 | $173,200 | Edison International $47K | 15 / 0 |
| 55 | Destiny LeVere Bolling | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $170,099 | Dominion Energy $166K | 11 / 0 |
| 56 | Daniel W. Marshall, III | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $167,500 | Dominion Energy $165K | 10 / 0 |
| 57 | Wren M. Williams | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $157,750 | Dominion Energy $155K | 11 / 0 |
| 58 | Israel D. O'Quinn | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $157,204 | Dominion Energy $140K | 11 / 0 |
| 59 | Emily M. Jordan | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $157,000 | Dominion Energy $150K | 31 / 0 |
| 60 | Gavin Newsom | CA | Governor of California | $155,000 | Amazon $100K | 0 / 9 |
| 61 | Geary Higgins | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $151,000 | Dominion Energy $143K | 10 / 0 |
| 62 | W. Chad Green | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $147,000 | Dominion Energy $146K | 10 / 0 |
| 63 | Josh Shapiro | PA | Governor of Pennsylvania (2023-) | $146,000 | Cozen O'Connor $76K | 0 / 1 |
| 64 | Joe Morrissey | VA | Senate | $145,000 | Dominion Energy $145K | 0 / 0 |
| 65 | David A. Reid | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $144,000 | Dominion Energy $125K | 11 / 0 |
| 66 | Mark L. Earley, Jr. | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $143,500 | Dominion Energy $143K | 10 / 0 |
| 67 | Tina Kotek | OR | Governor of Oregon (Democrat), 2023- | $132,500 | Amazon $40K | 0 / 4 |
| 68 | Dade Phelan | TX | $122,333 | Oncor $50K | 0 / 0 | |
| 69 | Rick Chavez Zbur | CA | California Assembly, AD-51 | $121,400 | Edison International $33K | 15 / 1 |
| 70 | Susan Hippen | VA | Delegate | $120,000 | Dominion Energy $120K | 0 / 0 |
| 71 | Jennifer B. Boysko | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $118,658 | Dominion Energy $112K | 31 / 0 |
| 72 | Kim A. Taylor | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $117,500 | Dominion Energy $115K | 10 / 0 |
| 73 | Heath Flora | CA | California Assembly Republican Leader Sept 16, 2025 to Aug 3, 2026, AD-9 | $114,800 | PG&E $30K | 15 / 0 |
| 74 | Christopher T. Head | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $114,500 | Dominion Energy $105K | 31 / 0 |
| 75 | Delores L. McQuinn | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $109,509 | Dominion Energy $104K | 11 / 0 |
| 76 | T. Travis Hackworth | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $109,500 | Dominion Energy $100K | 31 / 0 |
| 77 | Chris Obenshain | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $106,000 | Dominion Energy $105K | 10 / 0 |
| 78 | Amanda E. Batten | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $104,500 | Dominion Energy $93K | 10 / 0 |
| 79 | Timmy French | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (Senate) | $103,500 | Dominion Energy $100K | 31 / 0 |
| 80 | Kelly K. Convirs-Fowler | VA | Member of the Virginia General Assembly (House of Delegates) | $100,000 | Dominion Energy $100K | 11 / 0 |
What they decided
Every bill, regulator's order, executive action and election the study tracks, with its result, its recorded vote and the people and companies on the record for it. Each links to the official document.
Federal12 measures
- BillPassed one chamberSep 16, 2026House 417–3 (432 members, Sep 16, 2026)Senate 57–43 (100 members, Sep 30, 2026)532 votes loadedMICROSOFT CORPORATION advocated for; Alphabet/Google advocated for; DATA CENTER COALITION advocated for
- Regulator's orderProposedJul 7, 2026Environmental Protection Agency proposed
- Regulator's orderPendingJun 18, 2026
- Regulator's orderIntroducedMay 13, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedMar 9, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedJan 15, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedDec 18, 2025
- Executive orderEnactedDec 16, 2025Executive Office of the President issued; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA lobbied on; ADVANCE PUBLICATIONS lobbied on; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANIES lobbied on; AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR CO., INC. lobbied on and 16 more
- Regulator's orderProposedOct 23, 2025Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued; CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE U.S.A. lobbied on; CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE U.S.A. lobbied on; UTAH ASSOCIATED MUNICIPAL POWER SYSTEMS lobbied on; AMERICAN PUBLIC POWER ASSOCIATION lobbied on and 3 more
- Executive orderEnactedJul 28, 2025Executive Office of the President issued; ANTHROPIC lobbied on; ORACLE CORPORATION lobbied on; ORACLE CORPORATION lobbied on; ORACLE CORPORATION lobbied on and 1 more
- Regulator's orderIntroducedMar 25, 2025
- Regulator's orderIntroducedDec 13, 2024
California16 measures
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 5–0 (7 members, Aug 27, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 26, 2026)22 votes loadedRebecca Bauer-Kahan advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 5–0 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)22 votes loadedRick Chavez Zbur advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 7–0 (7 members, Aug 28, 2026)Senate 7–0 (7 members, Aug 30, 2026)21 votes loadedJerry McNerney advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 6–1 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 30, 2026)22 votes loadedDiane Papan advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 5–1 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)21 votes loaded
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 6–1 (7 members, Aug 27, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 26, 2026)22 votes loadedDiane Papan advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedSep 21, 2026Assembly 4–2 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Aug 31, 2026)21 votes loadedSteve Padilla advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- Regulator's orderPendingJul 16, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedDec 8, 2025California Energy Commission issued
- Regulator's orderEnactedOct 30, 2025
- BillVetoedOct 11, 2025Assembly 6–1 (8 members, Sep 11, 2025)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Sep 10, 2025)23 votes loadedDiane Papan advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillEnactedOct 11, 2025Assembly 6–2 (8 members, Sep 12, 2025)Senate 6–1 (7 members, Sep 13, 2025)22 votes loadedSteve Padilla advocated for; Gavin Newsom shaped
- BillFailedAug 29, 2025Assembly 4–3 (8 members, Jun 2, 2025)8 votes loadedRebecca Bauer-Kahan advocated for
- Regulator's orderEnactedJul 24, 2025
- Regulator's orderEnactedMay 8, 2025California Energy Commission issued
- Regulator's orderEnactedJun 12, 2024California Energy Commission issued
Virginia14 measures
- BillEnactedMay 14, 2026Senate 37–2 (40 members, Apr 22, 2026)200 votes loaded
- BillEnactedMay 14, 2026Senate 34–5 (40 members, Apr 22, 2026)160 votes loaded
- BillEnactedApr 13, 2026Senate 29–10 (40 members, Mar 14, 2026)120 votes loaded
- BillEnactedApr 13, 2026House 90–7 (100 members, Jan 29, 2026)Senate 29–10 (40 members, Mar 14, 2026)180 votes loaded
- BillEnactedApr 13, 2026Senate 26–13 (40 members, Mar 14, 2026)80 votes loaded
- BillEnactedApr 13, 2026Senate 25–14 (40 members, Mar 14, 2026)120 votes loaded
- BillEnactedApr 8, 2026Senate 25–15 (40 members, Mar 10, 2026)40 votes loaded
- Regulator's orderUnder appealNov 25, 2025Jason Miyares commented on; Virginia State Corporation Commission issued; Amazon.com Inc commented on; DATA CENTER COALITION commented on; Microsoft Corp commented on; Dominion Energy benefited from and 4 more
- Regulator's orderUnder appealNov 25, 2025Jason Miyares commented on; Virginia State Corporation Commission issued; Dominion Energy benefited from
- BillFailedMay 2, 2025House 57–40 (100 members, Feb 22, 2025)Senate 16–24 (40 members, Apr 2, 2025)400 votes loaded
- BillFailedMay 2, 2025House 51–44 (100 members, Apr 2, 2025)Senate 22–13 (40 members, Feb 21, 2025)620 votes loaded
- BillFailedFeb 22, 2025House 63–34 (100 members, Feb 18, 2025)Senate 0–40 (40 members, Feb 19, 2025)280 votes loaded
- BillIntroducedHouse 55–42 (100 members, Feb 13, 2024)100 votes loaded
- BillIntroducedSenate 38–0 (40 members, Feb 13, 2026)40 votes loaded
Texas7 measures
- Executive actionEnactedSep 21, 2026Greg Abbott issued
- Executive actionEnactedAug 3, 2026Greg Abbott issued
- BillEnactedJun 20, 2025Greg Abbott enabled; Phil King advocated for; Ken King advocated for; Charles Schwertner advocated for
- BillEnactedFeb 13, 2025Lancium LLC benefited from
- BillEnactedJun 18, 2023Greg Abbott enabled; Phil King advocated for
- BillEnactedJun 10, 2015
- BillEnactedSep 1, 2013
Illinois6 measures
- Executive actionEnactedJul 1, 2026JB Pritzker shaped
- BillIntroducedMay 22, 2026Steve Stadelman advocated for
- Regulator's orderEnactedMar 19, 2026Illinois Commerce Commission issued
- BillIntroducedFeb 6, 2026Ram Villivalam advocated for; Robyn Gabel (Illinois) advocated for
- BillEnactedJan 8, 2026House 4–1 (5 members, Oct 29, 2025)Senate 4–2 (6 members, Oct 30, 2025)11 votes loadedJay Hoffman (Illinois) advocated for; Ann M. Williams advocated for; Steve Stadelman advocated for; Bill Cunningham advocated for; JB Pritzker shaped
- BillEnactedJun 28, 2019
Georgia5 measures
- Regulator's orderDismissedFeb 18, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedDec 19, 2025
- ElectionEnactedNov 4, 2025Timothy Echols was the target of; Alicia M. Johnson benefited from; Fitz Johnson was the target of; Peter Hubbard benefited from
- Regulator's orderEnactedJan 28, 2025
- BillVetoedMay 7, 2024House 96–71 (178 members, Feb 27, 2024)Senate 29–22 (56 members, Mar 14, 2024)234 votes loadedShaw Blackmon advocated for; John Carson (Georgia) advocated for; Chuck Martin advocated for; John Albers (Georgia) advocated for; Brian Kemp shaped
Louisiana4 measures
- Regulator's orderEnactedAug 12, 2026Jean-Paul Coussan advocated for; Louisiana Public Service Commission issued
- Regulator's orderPendingApr 15, 2026Foster Campbell advocated for; Louisiana Public Service Commission issued
- Regulator's orderEnactedAug 20, 2025Foster Campbell advocated for; Louisiana Public Service Commission issued
- BillEnactedJun 19, 2024Christopher Turner advocated for; Jeff Landry enabled
Michigan9 measures
- Regulator's orderEnactedOct 1, 2026
- BillIntroducedJun 18, 2026
- Regulator's orderEnactedDec 18, 2025
- BillIntroducedDec 17, 2025Jim Runestad (Michigan) advocated for
- Regulator's orderEnactedNov 6, 2025
- Court rulingEnactedOct 15, 2025
- BillFailedSep 10, 2025
- BillEnactedJan 17, 2025House 5–1 (6 members, Nov 13, 2024)Senate 3–2 (5 members, Dec 12, 2024)11 votes loadedHB 4906 (Michigan, 2023-24): sales tax exemption for enterprise data centers, Public Act 207 of 2024Joey Andrews advocated for; Gretchen Whitmer shaped
- BillEnactedDec 30, 2024House 5–1 (6 members, Sep 25, 2024)Senate 3–2 (5 members, Dec 12, 2024)11 votes loadedKevin Hertel advocated for; Gretchen Whitmer shaped
Oregon8 measures
- Executive actionProposedOct 9, 2026Tina Kotek shaped
- Executive actionEnactedSep 8, 2026Tina Kotek shaped
- Regulator's orderUnder appealMay 7, 2026
- BillEnactedMar 31, 2026House 5–0 (5 members, Mar 4, 2026)Senate 3–2 (5 members, Mar 6, 2026)10 votes loadedTina Kotek shaped
- Regulator's orderPendingDec 16, 2025
- BillFailedJun 27, 2025Janeen Sollman advocated for
- BillEnactedJun 16, 2025House 5–1 (6 members, Jun 5, 2025)Senate 3–1 (4 members, Jun 3, 2025)16 votes loadedJulie Fahey advocated for; Mark Owens (Oregon) advocated for; Dacia Grayber advocated for; Pam Marsh advocated for; Jeff Golden advocated for; Janeen Sollman advocated for
- Regulator's orderUnder appealDec 19, 2024
Pennsylvania2 measures
- Executive orderEnactedAug 18, 2026Josh Shapiro issued
- Regulator's orderEnactedApr 30, 2026
Arizona2 measures
- BillEnactedJun 13, 2026House 47–11 (60 members, Jun 11, 2026)Senate 23–5 (30 members, Jun 11, 2026)90 votes loadedDavid Livingston (Arizona) advocated for; Neal Carter advocated for; David Farnsworth (Arizona) advocated for; Julie Willoughby advocated for; Steve Montenegro advocated for; Michael Carbone advocated for
- BillFailedAug 6, 2025Tucson Mayor and Council shaped
Indiana1 measure
- BillEnactedMar 12, 2026House 91–3 (100 members, Feb 27, 2026)Senate 48–0 (50 members, Feb 27, 2026)350 votes loadedHarold Slager advocated for; Craig Snow (Indiana) advocated for; Cherrish Pryor advocated for; Scott Baldwin advocated for; Travis Holdman advocated for; Lonnie Randolph advocated for
Tennessee3 measures
- BillEnactedMay 7, 2026Brent Taylor (Tennessee) advocated for; Ed Butler advocated for; Paul Bailey (Tennessee) advocated for; Bill Lee (Tennessee) shaped
- Regulator's orderDismissedDec 15, 2025
- Regulator's orderEnactedJul 2, 2025
North Carolina3 measures
- Regulator's orderPendingOct 6, 2026Department of Defense commented on; Public Staff - North Carolina Utilities Commission commented on; Alphabet/Google commented on; Microsoft Corp commented on; Duke Energy commented on and 1 more
- ElectionEnactedMar 3, 2026Shelly Willingham was the target of; Carla D. Cunningham was the target of; Nasif Majeed was the target of
- BillEnactedJul 29, 2025Jim Burgin advocated for; Warren Daniel advocated for; Tim Moffitt advocated for; Bobby Hanig advocated for; Danny Earl Britt Jr. advocated for; Ralph Hise advocated for
Ohio1 measure
- Executive actionEnactedMay 27, 2026Mike DeWine issued
Minnesota7 measures
- Regulator's orderEnactedJun 12, 2026DATA CENTER COALITION commented on; Google commented on; Minnesota Public Utilities Commission issued
- BillFailedJun 12, 2026Jen McEwen advocated for; Leigh Finke advocated for; Erin Maye Quade advocated for; Samantha Sencer-Mura advocated for
- Regulator's orderPendingApr 14, 2026
- BillEnactedJun 14, 2025House 6–4 (10 members, Jun 9, 2025)Senate 5–3 (8 members, Jun 9, 2025)18 votes loadedGreg Davids advocated for; John Huot advocated for; Ann Rest advocated for; Tim Walz (Minnesota) shaped
- BillEnactedJun 14, 2025House 9–1 (10 members, Jun 9, 2025)Senate 6–2 (8 members, Jun 9, 2025)18 votes loadedAisha Gomez advocated for; Ann Rest advocated for; Greg Davids advocated for; Tim Walz (Minnesota) shaped
- BillFailedApr 25, 2025Senate 3–5 (8 members, Apr 25, 2025)8 votes loadedErin Maye Quade advocated for
- Regulator's orderEnactedFeb 28, 2025
State by state
Each state's filing system, read whole: the payers, the people they paid most, and what the state decided. The narrative for each is in the findings.
California
$84.8M- PG&E$30.4M
- Google$14.4M
- Meta$13.5M
- California Leads$16.1M
- Jobspac, A Bi-Partisan Coalition Of California Employers$15.8M
- Californians For Resilient And Affordable Energy, No On Steyer For Governor 2026 (See Attachment For Full Committee Name)$13.6M
Virginia
$37.0M- Dominion Energy$33.8M
- Amazon$1.31M
- Google$610K
- Don Scott$1.77M
- Jason Miyares$1.46M
- Mamie E. Locke$1.37M
Texas
$7.54M- Energy Transfer$1.49M
- Meta$1.37M
- CenterPoint Energy$1.28M
- Forge the Future Project with Meta$1.36M
- Greg Abbott$1.09M
- Judicial Fairness PAC$1.00M
Illinois
$5.63M- Ameren$2.17M
- Meta$753K
- Amazon$674K
Georgia
$4.37M- Southern Company / Georgia Power$2.06M
- Google$795K
- Troutman Pepper Locke$441K
Louisiana
$3.03M- Entergy$1.62M
- Cleco$796K
- Bernhard Capital Partners$465K
- Republican Party of Louisiana (Louisiana)$433K
- LA Democrats (formerly Democratic PAC of the Demo. St. Central Comm., DEMOPAC)$260K
- Move EBR, Inc.$114K
Michigan
$2.14M- DTE Energy$1.08M
- CMS / Consumers Energy$792K
- ITC Holdings$207K
- House Republican Campaign Committee (Michigan)$188K
- Michigan Senate Democratic Fund$183K
- Michigan House Democratic Fund$179K
Oregon
$2.12M- Amazon$825K
- Portland General Electric$583K
- PacifiCorp$436K
Pennsylvania
$1.63M- Exelon (ComEd, PECO)$827K
- Cozen O'Connor$556K
- PPL$202K
- Josh Shapiro$146K
- Joe Pittman$71K
- Chamber PAC$59K
Arizona
$1.41M- APS / Pinnacle West$1.10M
- Salt River Project$306K
- Oracle$300
Indiana
$1.38M- Duke Energy$691K
- NiSource / NIPSCO$291K
- CenterPoint Energy$199K
- House Republican Campaign Committee (Indiana)$135K
- SENATE MAJORITY CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE (SMCC)$103K
- Todd Michael Huston$87K
Tennessee
$803K- Amazon$774K
- Google$30K
- Tesla$240
- A BETTER NASHVILLE PAC$60K
- TENNESSEE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY PAC$35K
- NASHVILLE BUSINESS COALITION$30K
Wisconsin
$521K- WEC Energy Group$278K
- Alliant Energy$244K
North Carolina
$366K- Duke Energy$366K
Ohio
$318K- AEP$318K
Minnesota
$190K- Xcel Energy$94K
- Great River Energy$48K
- ALLETE (Minnesota Power)$37K
- DFL Senate Caucus$45K
- Hrcc$35K
- Senate Victory Fund (SVF)$32K
The pattern
The state fights are one policy, formulated nationally and executed locally. The study's findings, in brief.
One ask list, one wording
Keep the sales-tax exemption; certify gas generation on data center demand; keep cost allocation inside the utility commission and out of statute; preserve by-right or fast-track siting; no moratorium. The same items appear in Virginia, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Tennessee and Arizona, often in the same phrases.
One set of carriers
The Data Center Coalition lobbied in at least eight states, urged Georgia’s veto and rewrote Indiana’s local-payment clause in private meetings. ALEC’s model accord (Aug 2026) opposes bans and endorses “cost responsibility”. The White House enrolled 23 Republican governors and 187 utilities in the industry’s own voluntary pledge.
Local execution by whoever held the gavel
A House subcommittee in Richmond; a five-member commission in Atlanta; a four-to-one commission in Plaquemine; a lame-duck county board in Prince William. The bodies with the least public attention carried the most consequential votes, and the money reached the people who ran them.
What reversed it was voters
Georgia’s PSC incumbents removed at the ballot (Nov 2025); Prince William’s board chair defeated over the Digital Gateway and the rezoning voided in court; Port Washington’s first-in-the-nation referendum (Apr 2026); North Carolina’s three override Democrats defeated in primaries (Mar 2026); Tucson’s 7-0 rejection. Where a legislature then acted, voters had moved first.
How to read this page
The money is corporate-treasury and employee-PAC giving reported in the sixteen states’ own filing systems (and VPAP for Virginia), 2023 to the latest filing, with Louisiana’s file from 2015. Transfers between a politician’s own committees, conduit memo lines and gifts from the opposing side (Clean Virginia, local opposition committees) are left out. Executives’ personal cheques, super PAC spending, 527 transfers and lobbying are different kinds of money; the report keeps them apart, and nothing on this page adds across kinds. The federal lobbying figure, $336.5M of client spend on 458 filings that mention data centers, is an upper bound: a filing’s amount covers every issue on it.
The votes are the legislatures’ own roll calls, loaded for the members the study follows (the whole chamber where the state publishes it). A yea is a vote for the measure as titled. The measures are the bills, commission orders, executive actions and elections the study identified; each links to its official record.
Every payer total was reconciled against the payer’s own reports where the state publishes them, and every figure in the report was re-derived from these rows on 2026-10-22; the checks are in the report’s verification log. Figures on this page were last recomputed on October 22, 2026. Correlation is not proof of causation; the record shows what was paid and what was decided.